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The Constitution of Pakistan, adopted in 1973, is the supreme law of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. It provides the framework for the governance and functioning of the country, defining the rights and responsibilities of its citizens, and establishing the structure and powers of the government.
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</script>The Constitution consists of a preamble followed by twelve parts, which are further divided into articles. It begins with a preamble that outlines the objectives and principles on which Pakistan is founded, including democracy, freedom, equality, tolerance, and social justice.
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</script>Part I of the Constitution deals with introductory provisions, including the name and territory of Pakistan, its status as an Islamic Republic, and the rights and obligations of its citizens. It also establishes the federal and provincial governments and their relationship.
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</script>Part II contains fundamental rights and principles of policy. It guarantees various individual rights such as equality before the law, freedom of speech, religion, and association, protection against discrimination on various grounds, and safeguards against arbitrary arrest or detention. The principles of policy include guidelines for economic and social justice, promotion of local government institutions, protection of minorities' rights, and provision of free education and healthcare.
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Part III establishes the federal structure of Pakistan. It defines the powers and functions of the President, Prime Minister, Parliament (consisting of two houses: National Assembly and Senate), Supreme Court, High Courts, and other subordinate courts. It also outlines the procedure for elections at various levels.
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</script>Part IV deals with provinces. It defines their boundaries, establishes provincial governments headed by Chief Ministers, and outlines their powers and functions. It also provides for the establishment of local government systems in each province.
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</script>Part V covers relations between the federation and provinces. It addresses issues such as distribution of legislative powers between federal and provincial governments, financial arrangements between them, administrative relations, emergency provisions, inter-provincial coordination mechanisms, and resolution of disputes.
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</script>Part VI deals with finance. It outlines the distribution of financial resources between the federal and provincial governments, the procedure for budgeting and taxation, and the establishment of a National Finance Commission to ensure equitable distribution of resources.
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</script>Part VII establishes the judiciary. It defines the jurisdiction and powers of the Supreme Court, High Courts, and other subordinate courts. It also provides for the appointment and removal of judges, their independence, and the procedure for the enforcement of fundamental rights.
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</script>Part VIII covers elections. It outlines the procedure for conducting elections at various levels, including the Election Commission's composition and functions, delimitation of constituencies, and electoral disputes resolution mechanisms.
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</script>Part IX deals with Islamic provisions. It declares Islam as the state religion while ensuring freedom of religion for minorities. It also establishes a Council of Islamic Ideology to advise on matters related to Islam.
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</script>Part X covers miscellaneous provisions, including those related to public service commissions, armed forces, national security, and emergency powers.
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</script>Part XI provides for amendments to the Constitution. It outlines the procedure for amending various provisions, requiring a two-thirds majority in both houses of Parliament or a joint sitting of both houses.
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</script>Part XII contains transitional and temporary provisions. It addresses issues such as the continuation of existing laws, protection of certain offices and officials, and transitional arrangements during the initial years after the Constitution's adoption.
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</script>The Constitution of Pakistan has been amended several times since its adoption in 1973. These amendments have been made to address various political, social, and legal challenges faced by the country over time. The most significant amendments include those related to the establishment of military courts for terrorism-related cases, changes in electoral processes, and devolution of power to provinces through the 18th Amendment.
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</script>In conclusion, the Constitution of Pakistan 1973 is a comprehensive document that provides a framework for governance in Pakistan. It establishes fundamental rights and principles of policy, defines the structure and powers of government institutions at various levels, ensures provincial autonomy while maintaining federal unity, and outlines procedures for elections, finance, and amendments. It has played a crucial role in shaping the political and legal landscape of Pakistan.
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